Talk about how to deal with crisis mine

With the development of mining industry, more and more mineral resources have been exploited. Then how to deal with crisis mine seems to be an urgent problem.

Recently, research into the prediction, appraisement and development and use of the researching replaceable resources of a crisis mine faces indicate many problems. For example, the crisis mines are difficult to discern, to find, to use, and the new type, new depth, new technology and so the like. It not only shoyld be guided by scientific opinions of resources, different thoughts, systematic conception and leading ideas, but also should place emphasis on the association of new theories, new technology and new methods. It is the basic principle to increase income and economize resource at one time.

There are three strategic directions to be considered: looking for ore in the depth of crisis mine, outside of the mine and inside the mine. New type or "regional new type" deposits are main aims of prediction of a crisis mine. For the crisis mine, the key problem of "three-component" minerals prediction, appraisement, academic research and method fulfilling, is effiently to obtain the new-style, recessive and deep-seated information of geologic abnormity as well as correlatively to analyze the diversity of geology and mineralization.

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The point pattern analysis and age-classes of Acer pectinatum and Betula utilis populations along the elevation gradients in Meili snow mountain

Mixed coniferous-broadleaved forests are typical types of vegetation in northwest Yunnan. It is meaningful to analyze the spatial patterns for its important function on protecting biodiversity and depicting the ecological processes of mixed coniferous-broadleaved forests.

To reveal the mechanisms of species coexistence of mixed coniferous-broadleaved forests in Meili snow mountain, method of point pattern analysis was used in this study. This study researched age-classes, spatial distribution patterns and associations of Acer pectinatum and Betula utilis populations with elevation from 2850 to 3250m. The results of the study were as follows: (1)Along the elevation gradients, the age-classes of Acer pectinatum populations basically had no obvious changes, and the aggregation degree of Acer pectinatum populations gradually increased; (2) Along the elevation gradients, the age-classes of Betula utilis populations obviously changed, and the aggregation degree of Betula utilis populations was the highest in mid-elevation(3050m) area; (3) Along the elevation gradients, the spatial associations of Acer pectinatum and Betula utilis had an obvious change. In low elevation(2850m) area, the spatial associations of Acer pectinatum and Betula utilis was positive. In mid-elevation(3050m) area, the spatial associations of the two species changed from no association to negative associations. In high elevation(3250m) area, the spatial associations of the two species changed from no association to positive associations.

The study showed that, In Meili snow mountain area, elevation has an obvious influence on spatial patterns and spatial associations of species; In different elevation area, one species may form different populations with different age-classes, and age-classes of populations may have an influence on spatial patterns and spatial associations of species.

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The development of treatment for infertility may be pushed by new genetic study

Recently, scientists from Rutgers have great discovery which links a protein in sperm to the same molecule needed for reproduction in tiny roundworms. This finding provides a lot of clues to human infertility.

This study was published in Current Biology by Andrew Singson, a professor in the Department of Genetics in the School of Arts and Sciences, and colleagues from the National Institutes of Health and the College of William and Mary in Virginia. During research, the researchers identified a protein, SPE-45, on the sperm of C. elegan worms which help bind sperm to eggs in the state of fertilization. The same condition happens ten years ago, a protein Izumo, named after a marriage shrine in Japan was found by Japanese scientists. This protein is also considered essential for humans and other mammals to reproduce. The study shows that a common ancestor to both worms and humans had a SPE-45/Izumo-like gene which was needed for sperm to function normally during fertilization.

According to research, one in eight couples has fertility problems in America. Though about 70 percent of the cases can be attributed to the man or woman, there is no explanation can be found for the rest of the cases.

In this new study, the researchers discovered that worms produced normal-looking sperm but could not create offspring, which was caused by lack of the SPE-45 protein. It was similar to sperm in humans and other mammals that lacked the Izumo protein. It is supposed that blocking the protein prevents sperm from binding and fusing with the egg. The researchers said that the protein works like molecular Velcro and helps the sperm and egg bind and fuse. Thus, this finding will be of great importance in understanding the biological process.

Because of many ethical and experimental limitations, studying human infertility directly is very difficult. Establishing the genetic connection between worms and humans allows scientists to do related experiments in the future to study more about the function of Izumo-like molecules that they cannot do in mammals, thus improve the treatment of infertility. The next step of the scientists is to find more new fertility genes in the worm to help them understand more about the molecular basis of human fertility.

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Protective remodeling of myofibrillar proteins preven atrophy in SOL of Daurian ground squirrels during hibernation inactivity

Researchers collected the SOL (soleus muscle) muscle samples from 60-d and 112-d hibernation group, both were those from the ground squirrels that had already spent 2 months or more than 3 months of hibernation inactivity, which was long enough to cause significant atrophy of SOL muscle in non-hibernators. The SOL muscle wet weight decreased less than the body weight in hibernating ground squirrels, which suggested a protective effect that reduces or avoids muscle atrophy during hibernation in Daurian ground squirrels.

The cytoplasm of a myofiber contains a regular array of contractile units (sarcomeres) comprised of actin-containing thin filaments and myosin-containing thick filaments that, along with additional structural and regulatory proteins, are arranged longitudinally as myofibrils. With iTRAQ approach, they identified myosin-2 significantly up-regulated while myosin-3 significantly down-regulated in the 60-d hibernation group compared to the pre-hibernation ground squirrels. Meanwhile, myosin-13 significantly down-regulated in the 112-d hibernation group compared to the pre-hibernation group. Moreover, actin exhibited significantly down-regulated expression in the 112-d hibernation group compared to the pre-hibernation group. The assembly and maintenance of myofibrils is regulated by multiple proteins that interact with the primary sarcomeric proteins actin and myosin. Myosins constitute a large superfamily of proteins that share a common domain which has been shown to interact with actin, hydrolyze ATP and produce movement. Phylogenetic analysis currently places myosins into 15 classes. The conventional myosin such as myosin-2 forms filaments in muscle, however, little is known about the structure, enzymatic properties, intracellular localization and physiology of most unconventional myosin classes including myosin-3 and myosin-13. Seo Y et al. have reported that the disproportional changes in http://www.cusabio.com/ components result in tissue having different levels of actin versus myosin, thus leading to shifts in contractile capacity. Also the actin to myosin ratio is one of the muscular atrophy hallmarks. After 60-d hibernation inactivity, myosin-2 showed a significantly increase while myosin-3 decreased significantly, but actin showed no obvious change, which suggested that the ratio of actin/myosin filaments was likely to remain steady. However, actin and myosin-13 were both decreased significantly in 112-d hibernation group. Because it was not determined whether the degree of their decline was different, it was difficult to determine whether the balance of actin/myosin was destroyed. But our results showed a significant loss of myofibrillar proteins in 112-d hibernation group, which is consistent with the results of our research group that the CSA of SOL muscle fiber significantly decreased after 112-d hibernation (unpublished). Inconsistent with our results, the level of one isoform of actin was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in hibernation group than in summer active group in pectoral or biceps brachii muscles of the bat Murina leucogaster. This might be due to that the pectoral or biceps brachii muscles are involved in bat flight. Although torpid bats showed decreased cytoskeleton plasticity, they selectively upregulated vesicle-associated proteins to retain their basic environmental sensibility.

Obviously, different hibernating animals overcome muscle atrophy by different strategies. But compared with the non-hibernator, loss of myofibrillar proteins in Daurian ground squirrel in hibernation is limited. For example, after three weeks of hindlimb unloading, levels of contractile proteins decreased by 40-70%, and the ratio of actin/myosin filaments decreased by 31%. Reduction in muscle quality caused by alterations in myofilament contractile proteins (myosin and actin) may scale up from the molecular to the single fiber and tissue level to impact muscle performance. Thus, up-regulation of myosin-2 is one of the most important mechanisms to maintain the integrity of the SOL muscle fiber in the 60-d hibernation ground squirrels. Because the function of myosin-3 and myosin-13 in hibernation is unknown, the relationship between the decrease of these two myosin subtypes and skeletal muscle function is not clarified.

Except for the contractile proteins including myosin and actin, other regulatory proteins showed significant change in hibernation. In present study troponin C was found significantly up-regulated while tropomodulin-1 down-regulated in the 60-d hibernation group compared to the pre-hibernation ground squirrels. However, both troponin C and tropomodulin-1 was unaltered in the 112-d hibernation group. Troponin proteins consisting of 3 subunits (troponin I, troponin T and troponin C) are responsible for controlling the contraction of the striated muscles in response to changes in the intracellular calcium concentration. The binding of Ca 2+ to troponin C induces a series of conformational changes in troponin complex and sarcomeric actin thin filament to activate cross bridge cycling between myosin and actin and muscle contraction. Troponin I is the inhibitory subunit of troponin which forms a coiled coil interface with troponin T. Troponin C increased by 59% in soleus of human bed rest study while troponin T showed a significant decrease in rat soleus muscle after 3-week hindlimb suspension, suggesting troponin C showed a increase in SOL of hibernation which was similar as in disuse atrophy. Tropomodulin is another regulatory protein and the only protein known to cap the pointed end of actin filaments and plays important roles in actin-driven processes by controlling the addition and dissociation of actin subunits at filament ends. Calpain-mediated proteolysis of tropomodulin isoforms leads to thin filament elongation in dystrophic skeletal muscle. It appears reasonable to assume that the changes of tropomodulin might be an adaptive factor for inhibiting the contractile activity during hibernation. Proper contraction requires two filament systems (actin-containing thin filaments and myosin-containing thick filaments) to appropriately align with one another. Accordingly, their orientations, spacing and lengths are highly regulated. It is evident that the specification of thin filament lengths requires the coordinated activity of tropomodulin-1, which prevents actin polymerization and depolymerization in vitro. Blockade of the C-terminal tropomodulin-1 actin binding domain results in lengthening of the actin filaments in striated muscle cells in culture. Overexpression of tropomodulin-1 in mouse hearts results in degenerating myofibrils. In present study, tropomodulin-1 down-regulated in the 60-d hibernation group, and actin subsequently exhibited significantly down-regulated expression in the 112-d hibernation compared to the pre-hibernation. Therefore, they assume that the down-regulated tropomodulin-1 in 60-d hibernation might be an crucial component for regulating the length of actin-containing thin filament in soleus during hibernation.

Other sarcomeric proteins such as α-actinin, titin, tropomyosin and desmin were not detected proteomic variations in present study. However, evidence presented by other study clearly showed that long-term disuse causes preferential loss of the giant sarcomere protein titin results in altered muscle function via abnormal sarcomeric organization. The level of titin phosphorylation did not vary between seasons in the skeletal muscles of brown bear (Ursidae, Mammalia) while a decrease in the content of T2 fragments of titin was observed during hibernation. Absence of α-actinin-3 resulted in reduced atrophic response and altered adaptation to disuse. Desmin and titin globally reduced in hibernating myocardium suggested a qualitative cardiomyocyte remodeling. Obviously, homeostasis of most sarcomeric proteins is an important mechanism against disuse atrophy in ground squirrels.

In conclusion, these results suggested that myofibrillar protective remodeling marked by dysregulated contractile proteins (myosins and actin) and regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomodulin), and maintain of most of sarcomeric proteins is a major factor in protecting atrophy in SOL of Daurian ground squirrels during hibernation.

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Novel mechanisms of proteolytic protein in soleus muscle of hibernating ground squirrels

In mammals, skeletal muscle covers more than 40% of the mass of a given individual and provides key functions in metabolism, energy expenditure, physical strength, and locomotor activity. The skeletal muscle atrophy in response to disuse occurs during bed rest or spaceflight associated with the loss of skeletal muscle mass and the decline in muscle strength and power, muscular activity and cross-sectional muscle area. The soleus muscle (SOL) which is predominantly composed of slow twitch fibers is a postural muscle and more sensitive to disuse than fast-twitch muscles (extensor digitorum longus) and mixture muscles (gastrocnemius). Disuse atrophy results in reduced protein content and a net loss of contractile proteins. A proteomic study on rat soleus muscle after 3-week hindlimb unloading indicates that proteomic responses to disuse had a 0.2- to 0.6-fold decreases in the protein levels of myosin light chain 1 (MLC1), alpha-actin, tropomyosin beta-chain, and troponins T. Moreover, a number of results obtained showed that atrophic changes during a space flight or under head-down bed-rest are accompanied by decrease of total muscle protein and myofibril proteins degradation. Accordingly, disuse atrophy is supposed to be the result of shift of protein synthesis/proteolysis balance towards protein degradation increase. Although 4 catabolic pathways (calpain, ubiquitin-proteasome, autophagy-lysosome and caspase proteolytic pathways) are known to be involved in the atrophy process during disuse, many details remain unknown. A major hindrance to the development of therapeutics to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy under disuse conditions is the lack of understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the loss of muscle mass, especially the change of myofibrillar contents.

The skeletal muscle of hibernators appears to deviate from significant atrophy even after experiencing from extended disuse over three to four months, even six months in the cold North. Hibernators of varying sizes, torpor depths, and life histories (from bears to rodents) may have different mechanisms for emerging from prolonged inactivity with limited disuse atrophy. It has been demonstrated that muscle-fiber number and cross-sectional area were unchanged in gastrocnemius and biceps femoris of hibernating black bears (Ursus americanus), while protein concentration decreased in both muscles during the hibernation period, suggesting only limited muscle atrophy. In addition, it has also been reported that hibernating ground squirrels (Citellus undulatus and Spermophilus dauricus) have an evolutionarily determined adaptive mechanism of preservation or increase of slow fibers ratio, as the most economic and energetically advantageous, with proteins typical of them, whereas hindlimb unloading of non-hibernators (such as mouse) leads to activation of proteolysis and destruction of myofibrillar integrity, which contributes to considerable atrophy of soleus fibers. Atrophy develops early in hibernation in ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis), and does not progress in the final 3 months of torpor. Our previous research showed that SOL muscle mass to total body mass ratios (mg/g) were significantly higher in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels compared with that of rats after 14 days of hindlimb suspension, mirroring an effect protecting against disuse atrophy. Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus, Brandt) are obligatory hibernating mammals. They are found across a wide range of latitudes, from steppe and semi-desert and other arid regions of northern China. Daurian ground squirrel hibernation provides a useful model to study mechanisms that increases skeletal muscle resilience against atrophy and dysfunction after extended periods of disuse.

The study on measuring skeletal muscle protein http://www.cusabio.com/ metabolism of bears suggests that protein synthesis and breakdown are both lower in winter compared to summer but are equal during both early and late hibernation periods, indicating that bears are in protein balance during hibernation. Which plays a predominant role in the maintenance of skeletal muscle homeostasis involved in the mechanism of protecting from muscle atrophy during prolonged disuse in hibernation, the increase of protein synthesis or the decrease of protein degradation? It is noteworthy that the protein biosynthesis category by overexpressed genes exhibits a highly significant enrichment in skeletal muscle of hibernating black bears (Ursus americanus). However, serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) can regulates muscle mass maintenance via downregulation of proteolysis and autophagy during hibernation in 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). This is consistent with our previous report demonstrating that inhibition of calpain activity and consequently calpain-mediated protein degradation by highly elevated calpastatin protein expression levels may be an important mechanism for preventing muscle protein loss during hibernation.

Yet researches understand little about myofibrillar contents and relevant synthesis and proteolytic proteins in soleus muscle of hibernating ground squirrels. It is likely that novel mechanisms are involved but are not yet identified. Proteomics approaches are effective at identifying new protein signaling networks. Herein, researchers conducted isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics experiments in order to discover hibernation specific skeletal muscle proteomic changes. The study were aimed at 1) to identify differentially expressed proteins between 60-d or 112-d hibernation Daurian ground squirrels relative to the pre-hibernation group; 2) to explore the myofibrillar protein metabolism mechanism underlying the observed anti-atrophy effects in SOL of hibernating ground squirrels with the special ecological environment physiological adaptation.

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The course of the clinical SARS care - the "nursing shortness of breath" part

For SARS patients, Oxygen is an important means to correct the lack of oxygen. What the nursers should know in this part is that, patients should be encouraged to continue to oxygen, so that the patient's pulmonary hemodynamics and hypoxemia improved to reduce the incidence of respiratory failure, reducing symptoms of breathing difficulties. Increased difficulty in breathing in some patients, blood oxygen partial pressure, oxygen saturation was experiencing declines, you can use non-invasive ventilation ventilator treatment. Without tracheal intubation, only need to connect non-invasive ventilation mask pressurized oxygen, this method can alleviate the suffering of patients with endotracheal intubation, but also to achieve the purpose of raising the blood oxygen partial pressure.

Patients with the initial use of this ventilator may not meet the pressure of a strong airflow, often Zhai mask, got better not obvious. Nurses to patients should be immediately made it clear that the role of this machine, in which patients actively cooperate to reduce the incidence of respiratory failure and improve the cure rate.

In conclusion, this nursing part is quite important as you can see.

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Is nursing intervention have good impact on nipple in suckling period?

Recently, a study on exploring the system of nursing intervention of nipple in suckling period was done. The study was aimed at investigating the system of nursing intervention on the impact of breast chapped Methods.

As we know, nipple is a common complication of breast-feeding, chapped ring around the nipple was laceration, unilateral or bilateral disease. Mild for the superficial skin laceration, the depth of subcutaneous tissue with severe , wound bleeding, or covered with purulent discharge. Since the nipple is full of rich physiological characteristics of nerve endings, in the event of chapped, maternal pain, especially when the pain increased during lactation. Nipple skin mainly smaller gap and ulcer bleeding, is one of the common problems of breastfeeding, the nipple is rich in wealth of nerves and blood vessels, the infant often leads to severe pain sucking, indirect, reduce breastfeeding rates. Lactating nipple after the occurrence of lymphatic extension of easy to make bacteria invasion, is conducive to bacterial growth and reproduction within the mammary glands http://www.cusabio.com/.

What's worse, after the nipple, the shorter the interval between feeding the baby, making it difficult to repair tissue, it is not easy to heal, for which most of the fear of maternal breast-feeding, the number of babies sucking reduced, which leads to milk stasis and mastitis complicated. A serious impact on maternal and child health, reduce breastfeeding rates.

Pregnancy strengthen the nipple care, scrub with warm water every 1 to 2 times the nipple so the nipple epidermal hyperplasia, variable thick and flexible, you can reduce postpartum nipple skin damage and prevent the occurrence of nipple. Ttrimester pregnant women through health education that will lead to nipple understand the relevant factors are familiar with the proper methods and techniques of breastfeeding, maternal postpartum easy to grasp in the right breast-feeding method to avoid the baby sucking too long, sucking the nipple skin damage caused too many times. To avoid the baby to sleep with the nipple so the nipple laceration soaked to prevent the occurrence of nipple. Postpartum breastfeeding guide nursing mothers completed each After squeezing the nipple smear a small amount of milk, milk contains anti-infective substances, a lot of fat, protein, have antibacterial, moisturizing the role of skin repair, can effectively prevent the occurrence of nipple.

The study shows that taken care intervention system nipple lactating women was 2.5% incidence was significantly lower than the control group, 32.1%, also lower than the small sesame oil Waicha prevent the incidence of postpartum nipple.

In conclusion, the system can significantly reduce the nursing interventions in the incidence of nipple, on the initial prevention of maternal nipple has a positive effect occurs.

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