Reactive oxygen and mitochondria keep balance by autophagy

Excessive increase of reactive oxygen can cause oxidative damage to proteins and lipid molecules. A moderate increase in reactive oxygen can be a signal to induce autophagy and other mechanisms of cell survival. Unhealthy mitochondria increased the production of reactive oxygen, and therefore reactive oxygen-induced mitochondrial autophagy has a positive effect in making impaired mitochondrial produce reactive oxygen, forming a negative feedback intracellular mechanism which induces oxidative damage. The findings are owing to the use of recombinant horse proteins.

Autophagy is a complex biological process, and the processes include start-up, formation of autophagy, lysosomes produce autophagy body lysosome fusion and degradation. Reactive oxygen can induce autophagy, but the internal mechanism of this process is not very clear in the past. A kind of cysteine protease ATG4 is a molecule which is involved in autophagy, and it has recently been determined to be reactive oxygen effector molecule. Oxy-genated ATG4 can promote LC3 lipidation, while LC3 lipidation is the key step of the start of autophagy. Taking into account that the oxidative stress is often a chronic process, researchers suggest that autophagy lysosome fusion may be a key role in the process of oxidative stress, and so are recombinant proteins.

TRPML1 is a TRP (transient receptorpotential) ion channel protein and distributes in intracellular ion and lysosomes. Lysosomes are key organelles which controls the quality of mitochondria. Oxidative stress is a common feature of lysosome dysfunction diseases. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS, while the sites where reactive oxygen produce are very close to lysosomes. Reactive oxygen which comes from mitochondria might have an impact on lysosomes. This lysosomal protein TRPML1 is the receptor of intracellular oxidative stress. Once activated, it can promote the autologous phagocytic activity of cells and accelerate the removal of damaged mitochondria, thereby making the mitochondria produce less free radical.

Free radicals are a "double-edged sword", for it can cause cell damage and activate the protection mechanism at the same time. If there is a chemical compound that can activate this channel, then oxidative stress which leads to aging diseases can reduce, thus playing its role in anti-aging and treating some oxidative damage. Flarebio also offers high-quality recombinant proteins such as recombinant Pigr.