In a new study, researchers from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTMC) found the proteins which play a critical role in the timing control of cell division is also involved in regulating blood sugar levels. Research results were published online on June 30, 2016 in the journal Cell and the paper was titled "Mitotic Checkpoint Regulators Control Insulin Signaling and Metabolic Homeostasis". With the use of recombinant rat proteins, the researchers got the results.
Paper corresponding author and pharmacology professor Dr. Hongtao Yu at UTMC said, "This new study found that three kinds of spindle checkpoint proteins which are associated with timing control of cell division - MAD2, BUBR1 and p31comet- - play a crucial role in this newly-identified mechanism of regulating insulin signaling pathway.
World Health Organization estimated that diabetes affects over 400 million of people worldwide. This disease damage the body's ability to maintain balanced blood sugar. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage the body's nerves and blood vessels. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes - the pancreas can't produce insulin; type 2 diabetes - the body can produce insulin but can't respond to high blood sugar, and such symptom is called insulin resistance.
It has long been known that insulin transfers outside signals to the internal cells by binding to insulin receptors located on the cell surface. First author Eunhee Choi who is a researcher at Dr. Yu laboratory said that this receptor had two extracellular extending "arms", and there were also two "arms" extending inside the cell.
Under normal circumstances, after a meal, insulin will be secreted by the β cells in pancreas and it binds to the entire body of the insulin receptor. This binding activates these receptors, and then these receptors subsequently send the signal of taking in or clearing glucose in blood in cells to maintain the balance of blood sugar (i.e., blood glucose). Dr. Yu explained that once these receptors complete their work, they would be drawn into the cells through a process which is called endocytosis so that the new receptor will occupy their position left on the cell surface with an elegant and precise-timing process which repeatedly happens daily. In the research, the researchers also use recombinant human proteins to see the effect.
Dr. Yu said, "When studying the function of spindle checkpoint proteins during known regulating chromosome segregation of cell division, we unexpectedly found that these proteins of cell division can be involved in the regulation of insulin receptor endocytosis."
He explained that these three proteins they studied played a crucial role in the accuracy timing in chromosome distribution during cell division. If the cells are not able to complete the split within the correct time, then the formed daughter cells will have the wrong number of chromosomes. This situation is called aneuploidy which occurs frequently in cancer cells.
In this study, the researchers studied mice with liver lacked p31comet. He said that through further research, they found that the three spindle checkpoint proteins which played a crucial role in the accuracy timing in chromosome distribution during cell division seemed to affect the metabolism through the timing control as well, especially influencing insulin receptor endocytosis through them. Mice with liver lacking p31comet can't make insulin receptor retained on the cell surface due to premature endocytosis. As a result, these mice developed diabetes.
These findings may also have an impact on revealing molecular mechanism of type 2 diabetes. Dr. Yu said, "It will be a very interesting thing to study whether premature endocytosis of insulin receptor due to lack of p31comet would lead patients with type 2 diabetes to produce insulin resistance." Future research will explore this possibility. Flarebio provides other superior recombinant proteins such as recombinant Cdh3 for good research.
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