The course of the clinical SARS care - the "nursing shortness of breath" part

For SARS patients, Oxygen is an important means to correct the lack of oxygen. What the nursers should know in this part is that, patients should be encouraged to continue to oxygen, so that the patient's pulmonary hemodynamics and hypoxemia improved to reduce the incidence of respiratory failure, reducing symptoms of breathing difficulties. Increased difficulty in breathing in some patients, blood oxygen partial pressure, oxygen saturation was experiencing declines, you can use non-invasive ventilation ventilator treatment. Without tracheal intubation, only need to connect non-invasive ventilation mask pressurized oxygen, this method can alleviate the suffering of patients with endotracheal intubation, but also to achieve the purpose of raising the blood oxygen partial pressure.

Patients with the initial use of this ventilator may not meet the pressure of a strong airflow, often Zhai mask, got better not obvious. Nurses to patients should be immediately made it clear that the role of this machine, in which patients actively cooperate to reduce the incidence of respiratory failure and improve the cure rate.

In conclusion, this nursing part is quite important as you can see.

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Is nursing intervention have good impact on nipple in suckling period?

Recently, a study on exploring the system of nursing intervention of nipple in suckling period was done. The study was aimed at investigating the system of nursing intervention on the impact of breast chapped Methods.

As we know, nipple is a common complication of breast-feeding, chapped ring around the nipple was laceration, unilateral or bilateral disease. Mild for the superficial skin laceration, the depth of subcutaneous tissue with severe , wound bleeding, or covered with purulent discharge. Since the nipple is full of rich physiological characteristics of nerve endings, in the event of chapped, maternal pain, especially when the pain increased during lactation. Nipple skin mainly smaller gap and ulcer bleeding, is one of the common problems of breastfeeding, the nipple is rich in wealth of nerves and blood vessels, the infant often leads to severe pain sucking, indirect, reduce breastfeeding rates. Lactating nipple after the occurrence of lymphatic extension of easy to make bacteria invasion, is conducive to bacterial growth and reproduction within the mammary glands http://www.cusabio.com/.

What's worse, after the nipple, the shorter the interval between feeding the baby, making it difficult to repair tissue, it is not easy to heal, for which most of the fear of maternal breast-feeding, the number of babies sucking reduced, which leads to milk stasis and mastitis complicated. A serious impact on maternal and child health, reduce breastfeeding rates.

Pregnancy strengthen the nipple care, scrub with warm water every 1 to 2 times the nipple so the nipple epidermal hyperplasia, variable thick and flexible, you can reduce postpartum nipple skin damage and prevent the occurrence of nipple. Ttrimester pregnant women through health education that will lead to nipple understand the relevant factors are familiar with the proper methods and techniques of breastfeeding, maternal postpartum easy to grasp in the right breast-feeding method to avoid the baby sucking too long, sucking the nipple skin damage caused too many times. To avoid the baby to sleep with the nipple so the nipple laceration soaked to prevent the occurrence of nipple. Postpartum breastfeeding guide nursing mothers completed each After squeezing the nipple smear a small amount of milk, milk contains anti-infective substances, a lot of fat, protein, have antibacterial, moisturizing the role of skin repair, can effectively prevent the occurrence of nipple.

The study shows that taken care intervention system nipple lactating women was 2.5% incidence was significantly lower than the control group, 32.1%, also lower than the small sesame oil Waicha prevent the incidence of postpartum nipple.

In conclusion, the system can significantly reduce the nursing interventions in the incidence of nipple, on the initial prevention of maternal nipple has a positive effect occurs.

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The negative relationship between phosphorus and fungal in soil

To discuss the egative relationship between phosphorus and fungal in soil, a series of research were done.

In Quzhou and Shouguang, external input of fertilizer was in the rank of OF>CF>U and GH>FA>FL. As a result, the available phosphorus concentrations in OF, CF, and U plots in Quzhou reached 42-93 ppm, 25-27 ppm, and 7-10 ppm, respectively. From the samplings taken in Oct 2010, it could found clearly how phosphorus accumulated in agricultural soils http://www.cusabio.com/. The background value of available phosphorus in FL is 5ppm. In the farmland of ten years tillage experiment, the concentration of available phosphorus increased into 17 ppm, while in the soils of ten years greenhouse experiment, the concentration of available phosphorus reached 560ppm, it was over tenfold of the background value.

In Shouguang, because of the long-term intensified agricultural management, the accumulation of phosphorus in soil is remarkable, and the available phosphorus concentrations in the GH, FA, and FL were 351, 48, and 27 ppm, respectively. Since both the FA and FL in Shouguang were converted from a GH, they exhibited a much higher level of phosphorus than in Quzhou (Supplementary Information).

The research also indicated PLFA concentration of fungi and bacteria in agricultural soils (Shouguang and Quzhou). Samplings were taken at intervals from May 2006 to Oct 2010, and the total PLFA concentration fluctuated between 13- 92 nmol g -1 soil, and the average was 42 nmol g -1 soil. However, for the 2006-2008 data, the average of total PLFA was 57 nmol g -1 soil, which was much higher than that of 20 nmol g -1 soil in 2010 data.

For the 2010 PLFA measurement, because the water content was not adjusted prior to the isolation of soil solution, soil bacteria in GH and OF did not proliferate into the maximum concentration and the ratio of bacterial PLFA to total microbial PLFA was much lower than in 2008. This comparison indicated that the bacterial PLFA concentration was severely underestimated, while in the U treatment, the extent of underestimation was not so obvious.

Although the absolute PLFA concentrations for bacteria and fungi waved seriously in various soil samplings, the fungal to bacterial ratios (F/B) fluctuated between a small scope (0.07-1.19) and shown a trend that F/B ratio in unfertilized soil (U) was higher than in fertilized soil (OF, CF). And in fallowed land, F/B ratio was also higher that in cultivated land (GH, FA). For the data in 2010, this trend was not so obvious because of the underestimated bacterial PLFA concentration. While for the data in 2006-2008, this change trend of F/B ratios between treatments was very obvious (U>CF>OF), except in Nov 2006, which shown an opposite trend (OF>CF>U).

The trend of changes in various fungal PLFA molecules in agricultural soil. Oleic acid 18:1w9 (c, s, t), linoleic acid 18:2w6,9 (c, t), 18:2w10t, 18:3w6c, and 16:1w5c were used as indicators of fungal in this study. The percentage of 18:1w9, 18:2w6, 9, and 16:1w5 in the total PLFA were 0-0.25 mol%, 0-0.16 mol%, and 0.01-0.04 mol%, respectively. They were much lower than in other observations around the world, which were 6.7-8.3 mol%, 0.5-6.7 mol%, and 1.8-4.1 mol%, respectively. As summarized from reported data, the average percentages of 18:1w9, 18:2w6,9, and 16:1w5 in total PLFA in arable soil are 7.7±0.8 mol%, 2.5±1.1 mol%, and 3.1±1.3 mol%, respectively. Although the percentage of 18:2w6,9 declined remarkably in agricultural soil worldwide compared to that in natural ecosystems, the volume of fungi in agricultural soil in China was much lower than the average global level, according to the present preliminary study.

Furthermore, the correlation analysis indicated that F/B ratios in all treatments were negatively correlated with the phosphorus levels in most of the sampling events. Although the absolute fungal volume (nmol g -1 soil) also increased with phosphorus accumulation, the fungal/total PLFA declined with the increase in phosphorus concentration, because, in general, high phosphorus levels were always accompanied by high levels of nitrogen and organic carbon.

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Can high level of phosphorus reduce the food resources for mycophagous mites?

Soil is known to be the largest organic carbon reservoir in the terrestrial biosphere, and plays a crucial role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. The agricultural soil compartment has the potential to increase carbon sequestration with available management options. Although different farming practices have reportedly resulted in various carbon sequestration rates, as driven by the soil food web, there is lack of adequate knowledge regarding the processes and mechanisms.

The application of phosphorus fertilizer in China rapidly increased from 20 kg ha -1 in 1980 to 160 kg ha -1 in 2008, which resulted in remarkable accumulation of phosphorus in agricultural soil. According to a long-term observation by the China Fertilization Net, the content of available phosphorus in about 40% long-term experimental sites increased to nearly or over 100 ppm, which is significantly correlated with the application of organic and conventional chemica (NPK) fertilizers.

In our long-term field experiments, accumulation of available phosphorus in soil was observed under the treatments with either organic or chemical fertilizer. Based on changes in the community structure and abundance of soil mites, a hypothesis was proposed, that a “high level of phosphorus probably suppressed fungi, thus reducing the food resources for mycophagous mites".

In order to prove this hypothesis, two field experiment sites were selected in Quzhou County of Heibei Province and Shouguang County of Shandong Province. Both sites were located in the North Plain of China. Investigations on soil physicochemical properties, soil organic carbon fractions, and soil microorganism structure and abundance were conducted in three types of agricultural soils.

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Study on use of traditional medicinal plants as sources of new drugs

Traditional medicinal plants have been effectively used, with few side effects, over a long period of time. However, because of the large number of diverse plant species and complex multicomponent systems, the active components and pharmacological functions of many of these plants have not been defined. Therefore, the use of these plants as sources of new drugs still must be explored.

To screen the anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal plant extracts in vivo, we used Drosophila as a model organism, and adult flies were treated with toxic compounds. Out of 50 different medicinal plant extracts, 8 or 9 species significantly increased survival rates more than 70% compared to controls after treatment with SDS or NaCl, respectively. Among these extracts, however, we did not find a protective effect against SDS or NaCl. Furthermore, P. multiflorum Thunb., P. notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen, L. erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc., and C. rotundus L. specifically protect against SDS-induced gut damage but do not increase survival rate after NaCl treatment. This finding suggests that distinct mechanisms exist for these functions.

Next, we selected medicinal plants that have broad protective effects against SDS and NaCl for further investigation. Extracts of C. pilosula, S. lappa, I. cylindrical var. major, and M. toosendan were used to examine their anti-inflammatory properties in the Drosophila intestine. C. pilosula can be used to invigorate the function of the spleen and is good for the liver, and has anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Its main constituents include polysaccharides, saponins, sesquiterpenes, polyphenolic glycosides, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, essential oils, and phytosteroids. S. lappa is a traditional herbal medicine that has been used to treat asthma, inflammation, rheumatism, coughs, tuberculosis, and many other diseases. It contains several sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, lignans, phenyl propanoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, and phytosterols. I. cylindrical var. major is commonly used as a diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent in traditional Chinese medicine and exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, such as cytotoxicity, neuroprotection, and vasodilation. However, its active compounds remain unclear. M. toosendan has been widely used for the treatment of malaria, stomach aches caused by round worms, or as an anti-helminthic, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory analgesic. It mainly contains limonoids, toosen-danin, and triterpenoid derivatives. More>>> http://www.cusabio.com/ELISA-Kit/Dog-Complement-4C4-ELISA-kit-1035335.html

Although these medicinal plants have been explored previously, most of the results were limited to in vitro studies, with only a few researchers investigating their pharmacological roles in vivo. There are no references about their protective effects in gut immunity. In this study, we observed high survival rates in the experimental groups after treatment with toxic compounds. The previous studies indicated that after ingestion of pathogenic or toxic compounds, the proliferation of ISCs increased to replace dead cells, which was required for tissue homeostasis. After treatment with SDS, large numbers of 7-AAD-stained cells were detected in the control group; however, only a few dead cells were observed in the groups fed plant extracts. These plant extracts decreased epithelial cell damage and melanotic tumor formation, protected gut morphology, and significantly improved the survival rates of adult flies after toxic compound treatment. However, there were no differences between groups with regard to stem cell proliferation. In addition, only extracts of C. pilosula significantly increased AMP levels after treatment with SDS, whereas extracts of S. lappa, I. cylindrical var. major, and M. toosendan increased basal AMP levels. The relationship between gut microbiota and the host immune system plays a vital role in organism health, and the dysregulation of this balance can lead to chronic inflammation and initiate tumor formation. The extracts of S. lappa, I. cylindrical var. major, and M. toosendan may contribute to the basal host immune system in the Drosophila intestine.

In conclusion, this study provides a foundation for the effective screening of a large number of pharmacological functions from traditional medicinal plant extracts. This study demonstrated that extracts of four different traditional medicinal plants (C. pilosula, S. lappa, I. cylindrical var. major, and M. toosendan) have protective effects against gut inflammation in Drosophila. These results may provide a pharmacological basis for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases in humans.

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The ultimate objective of an ecosystem is to improve its energy utilization efficiency

Before, a hypothesis was proposed that “life evolution route is the process of elevating energy efficiency. The ultimate objective of an ecosystem is to improve its energy utilization efficiency”.

In the present research, the hypothesis is only primarily proved by the evidence of higher net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems. It was also found that the soil food web’s energy utilization efficiency is higher than in ocean cost food webs. For the lack of evidence about an integral terrestrial ecosystem consisted of producer, consumer and decomposer, it has not yet been proved that the energy utilization efficiency of whole terrestrial ecosystem is higher than aquatic ecosystems.

There will be other ways to prove this hypothesis, if related researchers are interested in this proposition. For example, we can take human population and feeding animals as a fraction of consumers at the biosphere, to estimate the energy utilization efficiency of the whole terrestrial consumer food web. In this case, we should carefully to calculate the fraction of natural food web and artificial food web. In addition, human beings are not only the omnivorous consumer of terrestrial products but also consumer of aquatic products. A panoramic overview on the global biosphere’s energy utilization efficiency will be an interesting academic progress, meanwhile it maybe a “thinking toolbox” for the management of our earth.

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Primary producer's energy utilization efficiency

The mean of net primary productivity (NPP) in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are 152 and 773 g dry mass m -2 yr -1 , respectively. The percentage of aquatic NPP to the total world NPP is 32.3%, and that of terrestrial NPP is 67.7%. It is obvious the net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is much higher, about 5 times of that in aquatic ecosystems. Although the aquatic area is much large, two third of the world primary productivity is in terrestrial area.

According to the variation range of net primary productivity, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems were divided into three levels. Among aquatic ecosystems, the low level group is the open ocean. And the middle level group includes lake and stream, continental shelf and upwelling ocean zones. The high level group includes estuaries, algal beds and reefs. In terrestrial ecosystems, the low level group is consisted of extreme deserts, rock, sand, ice; desert and semi-desert scrub, tundra and alpine, temperate grassland. The middle level group includes cultivated land, woodland and shrub land, savanna, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate evergreen forest. The high level group only includes tropical seasonal forest, tropical rain forest, and swamp marsh http://www.cusabio.com/ .

Among aquatic ecosystems, the mean NPP in low, middle and high levels were 125g dry mass m -2 yr -1 , 360g dry mass m -2 yr -1 , 1800 g dry mass m -2 yr -1 , respectively. However, those in terrestrial ecosystems were 139g dry mass m -2 yr -1 , 863g dry mass m -2 yr -1 , 2091g dry mass m -2 yr -1 , respectively. For all three levels, the NPP in terrestrial ecosystems is higher than in aquatic ecosystems.

NPP is determined by two factors, the energy transferred by photosynthesis and the energy consumed by organism respiration. For primary producers, the respiration energy is about 30-40% of the production 3 . So the gross productivity, which described the energy conversion efficiency by photosynthesis, is higher than NPP. In this paper, I definite the energy utilization efficiency is the rate of available energy transferred by the ecosystem and accumulated in its production during a period time, so I only consider the “available energy” stored in the organisms. NPP is a form of available energy for the organisms in next trophic level, but the respiration energy is not available for use or transfer.

Although variation of NPP in ecosystems is obvious, from the global scale, the solar radiation energy entered into biosphere is about 0.8%, and the highest calculated solar energy conversion efficiency for primary producer is under 5% while it is under a ideal condition 3 . The energy utilization efficiency in aquatic ecosystems was 0.145%, 0.354% and 1.531% for low, middle and high NPP levels, respectively. Those in terrestrial ecosystems were 0.162%, 0.846% and 1.779%, respectively, obviously higher than aquatic ecosystems. So that, it could be concluded that the energy utilization efficiency in terrestrial ecosystems is higher than in aquatic ecosystems. So that the first step evidence is gotten for the hypothesis on “the biological community emerged in later geological era should has higher energy utilization efficiency than the community emerged earlier”.

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