Learn gorilla genomes more accurately

Latest Advancement of gene sequencing technology, researchers have significantly improved the previous assembly of the gorilla genome. To better understand human biology and genetic variation, with a complete, high-quality data is quite important and we have recently relatives of non-human primate genome.

The first complete genome of a gorilla was sequenced in 2012. However, the genome contains more than 400,000 blank gene sequences, and the previous method of assembling genome has led to some inaccurate gene structure. To this end, David Gordon and others used long read sequencing technology along with a unique combination of algorithms to reconstruct an accurate much of the gorilla genome. The DNA they used was isolated from the body of a western lowland gorilla called Susie in Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. The comparison between Susie3 with the previous gorilla genome assembly (gorGor3), this new assembly (Susie3) contigs decreased 96% contigs refers to a short sequence may lack information about its location in the genome.

Similarly, the authors say, for gorGor3 genome sequence 433 861 blank, they have filled 94%. To better understand the genetic variation in these species, the team used a short read sequences from six other Western lowland gorillas. The Susie3 and compare the human genome assembly revealed a total of 117 512 and 697 insertion and deletion mutant inversion. These events have more than 86% of previously undiscovered.

The result of our species and our non-genetic variation between human cousins provide a better understanding, but also demonstrates to other mammalian genome sequencing more accurate method.

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Cancer metastasis isn't regulated by different changes of genome

Scientists have discovered dozens of genetic mutations which are associated with the cancer progression, but it seems that cancer metastasis isn't regulated by different changes of genome. Researchers from the French National Health and Medical Research (INSERM) completed the analysis of hundreds of patients with colorectal cancer, discovering that the mode of "drive" mutations is between primary tumors and metastatic tumors. The research results were published in the journal Science Translational Medicine on February 24.

The spread of cancer (also known as metastasis) can attack more human tissues, eventually leading to the collapse of the whole organism. In many cancers, cancer cell proliferation is the most deadly threat. It is often possible through surgery, drugs, chemotherapy or radiation therapy to successfully treat the primary tumor, but the cancer spread to other organs of the body once it is difficult to be curbed. Therefore, the transfer of cancer research is still looking for the ultimate cutting-edge cancer cure.

In recent years, scientists have been hoping to understand the genomic changes associated with cancer metastasis-related, but the latest study found that metastatic colorectal cancer and gene mutation does not appear, but with several immune-related changes associated, such as changes in the expression of immune genes, cytotoxic lymphocyte abundance decreased lymphatic reduction.

"Over the years has been a concern of this field of research is actually not the main reason for the clinical course of the transfer," immune from Stanford University cancer researcher Edgar Engleman (not involved in the study) says, "In fact, research direction again points to the immune response.”

French National Health and Medical Research Institute Comprehensive Cancer Immunology Laboratory head of Jérôme Galon said that what driving cancer metastasis is, we know very little. To find clues, he and his colleagues from more than 800 patients suffering from colorectal cancer, analyzing their genetic data or tissue sample, hoping to find factors associated with tumor metastasis.

They against 48 kinds of cancer-associated mutations were scanned, but the patient did not find cancer metastasis which occurs frequently, which is also published in 2008 a study in PNAS consistent results. The latter pointed out that most of these mutant genes are similar in primary tumors and metastasis. Mutation spectrum "could not explain why these cancers will be transferred happen", the author of the article, Arizona State University, Raymond DuBois said.

"Clearly, genetically altered tumor cells and is not associated with tumor metastasis show," Galon said, "In fact, the most striking conclusions on the contrary," The only mutation coincided with the non-tumor metastasis.

Although the researchers found no mutation in the mutation patterns that can explain the behavior of tumor metastasis, they found that differential expression of genes still existed between the primary tumor and metastatic tumour. Some of these genes patients with metastatic tumor in vivo reduced, while a little expression increased. Genes with decreased expression involved in the immune system, and genes with increased expression played an important role in translation, endocytosis and other cellular activity.

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A large genome is a good genome

Recently a study shows variation in genome size may be much more important than we throught before. It is obvious that sometimes, a large genome is a good genome. The study was led by researchers at Uppsala University.

"Our study shows that females with larger genome lay more eggs and males with larger genome fertilize more eggs", says research leader G?ran Arnqvist, Professor of Animal Ecology at Uppsala University.

The amount of nuclear DNA per cell, or the size of the genome, varies by orders of magnitude across organisms. We know not too much about the evolutionary forces that are responsible for this variation. the evolutionary forces that are responsible for this variation. For unknown reasons, there are simple plants with a genome almost 50 times as large and grasshoppers with a genome 5 times as large as our own! In fact, the insects with the smallest and largest genomes differ by a factor of 200, yet they all look and act like typical insects.

There are two viewpoints about dramatic differences in biology.

The first suggests that variation in genome size is made up by "junk" DNA that has little bearing on organismal function and that random processes determine genome size.

While the second suggests that the amount of DNA matters and that natural selection shapes genome size. The study of seed beetles now present evidence suggesting that natural selection may be more important.

The study of seed beetles was published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Welcome to read more about the interesting study.

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